Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Which function of the nervous system is described as the capacity to process
sensory information and direct single or multiple body responses?
a. | Sensory | b. | Integrative | c. | Motor | d. | Communication |
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2.
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Nervous system functions can be summarized as sensory, __________, and
__________.
a. | integration; motor | b. | motor; endocrine | c. | regulation;
integration | d. | motor; cognitive |
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3.
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What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
a. | Sensory and motor | b. | Voluntary and involuntary | c. | Central and
peripheral | d. | Somatic and autonomic |
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4.
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Which of these structures is a primary component of the central nervous
system?
a. | Spinal nerves | b. | Cranial nerves | c. | Sympathetic
ganglia | d. | Spinal cord |
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5.
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Which of these structures is a primary component of the peripheral nervous
system?
a. | Pons | b. | Spinal cord | c. | Cerebellum | d. | Trigeminal
nerve |
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6.
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Which type of neuron is predominantly found only in the central nervous
system?
a. | Multipolar | b. | Sensory | c. | Motor | d. | Associative |
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7.
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What portion of the neuron is the first to receive the stimulus?
a. | Axon | b. | Cell body | c. | Dendrite | d. | Axon terminal |
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8.
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Which type of neuron connects sensory and motor pathways?
a. | Receptors | b. | Multipolar | c. | Unipolar | d. | Associative |
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9.
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What shape are most motor neurons?
a. | Multipolar | b. | Unipolar | c. | Bipolar | d. | Tripolar |
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10.
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What part of a neuron contains the vesicles that store and release the
neurotransmitters?
a. | Synaptic bulbs | b. | Nodes of Ranvier | c. | Axon | d. | Cell body |
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11.
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What is the function of the ependymal cells in the nervous system?
a. | Produce myelin in PNS | b. | Transmit impulses between sensory and motor
neurons | c. | Carry out phagocytosis in the brain | d. | Produce cerebrospinal
fluid |
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12.
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What glial tissue insulates and protects the axons of peripheral nerves?
a. | Microglia | b. | Myelin | c. | Endoglia | d. | Neurilemma |
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13.
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Which glial cell produces myelin in the central nervous system?
a. | Astrocytes | b. | Schwann cells | c. | Oligodendrocytes | d. | Microglia |
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14.
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What is the term for the small gaps between Schwann cells in the myelin sheath
of axons?
a. | Nodes of Ranvier | b. | Neuronal nodes | c. | Glial
gaps | d. | Myelin synapse |
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15.
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What characteristic do all 31 pairs of spinal nerves share?
a. | All use the same neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. | b. | Each is a two-neuron
pathway. | c. | They are all mixed nerves. | d. | The motor neurons on each spinal nerve pass
through the paravertebral ganglia. |
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16.
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Which vertebrae does the C7 spinal nerve pass between?
a. | C-6 and C-7 | b. | C-7 and C-8 | c. | C-5 and
C-6 | d. | C-7 and T-1 |
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17.
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Which of these cranial nerves is a sensory-only nerve?
a. | Spinal accessory | b. | Olfactory | c. | Facial | d. | Trigeminal |
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18.
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The T12 spinal nerve is positioned between which vertebrae?
a. | T-10 and T-11 | b. | L-1 and L-2 | c. | T-11 and
T-12 | d. | T-12 and L-1 |
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19.
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The peripheral nervous system has __________ pairs of cranial nerves and
__________ pairs of spinal nerves.
a. | 12; 33 | b. | 7; 31 | c. | 12;
31 | d. | 10; 30 |
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20.
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What is the designation for the spinal nerve between the seventh cervical and
first thoracic vertebrae?
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21.
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Which nerve is often compressed and irritated in association with frequent
tension headaches?
a. | Accessory | b. | Trigeminal | c. | C7 | d. | Cranial VII |
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22.
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What is the name of cranial nerve V?
a. | Trochlear | b. | Trigeminal | c. | Facial | d. | Triangular |
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23.
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What number is the facial nerve?
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24.
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Which cranial nerve innervates the abdominal viscera?
a. | Trigeminal | b. | Facial | c. | Accessory | d. | Vagus |
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25.
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Which cranial nerves do therapists need to avoid compressing when applying
manual techniques around the temporomandibular joint?
a. | Facial and trigeminal | b. | Trigeminal and accessory | c. | Accessory and
vagus | d. | Vagus and temporal |
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26.
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Which cranial nerve is affected in the pathology of Bell’s palsy?
a. | Trigeminal | b. | Facial | c. | Vagus | d. | Accessory |
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27.
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A group of nerve roots that innervates the head and neck is the definition for
what?
a. | Cranial nerves | b. | Cervical nerves | c. | Cervical nerve
plexus | d. | Brachial nerve plexus |
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28.
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What body region does the brachial nerve plexus innervate?
a. | Head and neck | b. | The upper arm only | c. | Full lower
extremity | d. | Full upper extremity |
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29.
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Major nerve branches off the lumbar plexus include the ilioinguinal, femoral,
lateral femoral cutaneous, and __________.
a. | sciatic | b. | obturator | c. | saphenous | d. | tibial |
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30.
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The gluteal, sciatic, and posterior femoral nerves are all major branches of
which plexus?
a. | Thoracic | b. | Lumbar | c. | Sacral | d. | Gluteal |
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31.
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What is the first step in neuronal impulse conduction once threshold stimulus
has been applied to the neuron?
a. | Polarization | b. | Depolarization | c. | Repolarization | d. | Neurotransmitter
release |
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32.
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What is another term for nerve impulse?
a. | Action potential | b. | Electric impulse | c. | Polarizing
potential | d. | Polarization |
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33.
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Which of these terms describes the status of a neuron at rest?
a. | Polarized | b. | Depolarized | c. | Repolarized | d. | Bipolar |
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34.
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What happens to the neuron when threshold stimulus is applied?
a. | Neurilemma becomes polarized. | b. | Neurotransmitters are released into the
axon. | c. | The cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium. | d. | Calcium is released
by the cell body. |
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35.
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Which of these statements best describes the function of
neurotransmitters?
a. | To repolarize the neuron after the impulse is transmitted | b. | To actively
transport the sodium outside of the neuron | c. | To increase the permeability of the neuron
membrane | d. | To form a chemical bridge to carry the impulse across the
synapse |
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36.
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Saltatory nerve impulse conduction only occurs on what kind of neuron?
a. | Cranial | b. | Myelinated | c. | Unmyelinated | d. | Spinal |
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37.
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What type of neuronal pathway creates an immediate motor response to sensory
input?
a. | Afferent | b. | Efferent | c. | Autonomic | d. | Reflex arc |
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38.
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What type of neuron is the second neuron in a three-neuron reflex arc?
a. | Sensory | b. | Motor | c. | Interneuron | d. | Myelinated |
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39.
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The six categories of sensory receptors are thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors,
photoreceptors, __________, __________, and __________.
a. | chemoreceptors; proprioceptors; nociceptors | b. | proprioceptors;
pressure receptors; movement receptors | c. | kinesioceptors; pressure receptors;
chemoreceptors | d. | pain receptors; motion receptors; vision receptors |
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40.
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Which type of receptor is a specialized mechanoreceptor found in skeletal
muscles and joints?
a. | Thermoreceptor | b. | Nociceptor | c. | Proprioceptor | d. | Motion receptor |
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41.
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Which category of sensory receptor has only one type of receptor, all located in
the same place?
a. | Chemoreceptors | b. | Photoreceptors | c. | Mechanoreceptors | d. | Nociceptors |
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42.
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The olfactory and gustatory receptors are both examples of what type of
receptor?
a. | Mechanoreceptor | b. | Photoreceptor | c. | Nociceptor | d. | Chemoreceptor |
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43.
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What kind of stimulus are nociceptors sensitive to?
a. | Temperature | b. | Pressure | c. | Tissue
damage | d. | Sound waves |
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44.
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Touch, pressure, stretch compression, and torsion are all stimuli that will
activate what type of receptor?
a. | Mechanoreceptor | b. | Nociceptor | c. | Thermoreceptor | d. | Motion
receptors |
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45.
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What is the name of the specialized free nerve endings that act as pressure
receptors in hollow organs?
a. | Visceroreceptors | b. | Baroreceptors | c. | Hydrostatic
receptors | d. | Fluid proprioceptors |
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46.
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Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, and joint receptors are all examples of
what type of receptor?
a. | Special sense receptors | b. | Nociceptors | c. | Proprioceptors | d. | Chemoreceptors |
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47.
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Which of the following are receptors for vision?
a. | Golgi apparatus | b. | Olfactory cells | c. | Cochlear
villi | d. | Rods and cones |
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48.
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Where are the specialized mechanoreceptors responsible for equilibrium
located?
a. | Vestibule and semicircular canal of inner ear | b. | Muscles and
tendons | c. | Joint space and joint capsule | d. | Cochlea and tympanic membrane of inner
ear |
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49.
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What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
a. | Shock absorption, nutrition, physical barrier between pathogens in blood and the CNS
organs | b. | Chemical defense between the brain and blood, insulate the organs of CNS, excrete
waste to the outside of the meninges | c. | Shock absorption, primary neurotransmitter of
the CNS, medium for nutrient–waste exchange in the meninges | d. | Forms the
blood-brain barrier, serves as the plasma for all the blood vessels in the meninges, insulates the
brain and spinal cord |
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50.
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What is the name of the connective tissue covering around the brain and spinal
cord?
a. | Neural membrane | b. | Meninges | c. | Perineurium | d. | Epineurium |
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51.
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What is the name of the middle layer of meninges?
a. | Pia mater | b. | Dura mater | c. | Spinal
mater | d. | Arachnoid mater |
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52.
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Which layer of meninges serves as the tough protective cover?
a. | Arachnoid mater | b. | Pia mater | c. | Dura
mater | d. | Spinal mater |
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53.
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What is the function of the pia mater?
a. | Supports and protects all of the interneurons | b. | Holds large blood
vessels along the surface of the brain | c. | Protects the surface of the brain and
cord | d. | Produces cerebrospinal fluid |
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54.
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What is the name of the specialized capillaries that produce cerebrospinal
fluid?
a. | Pia mater | b. | Corpus callosum | c. | Choroid
plexus | d. | Arachnoid mater |
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55.
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Cerebrospinal fluid circulates throughout the central nervous system via a
series of passageways and chambers that include the arachnoid layer of the meninges as well
as:
a. | ventricles inside the brain and the central canal of the spinal
cord. | b. | white matter of the spinal cord and central canal of the
cerebrum. | c. | choroid plexus inside the cerebellum and the transverse canals of the
cord. | d. | ventricles, corpus callosum, and choroid plexus. |
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56.
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The white matter of the spinal cord is made up of:
a. | fibrous connective tissue and myelin. | b. | axons of sensory and motor
neurons. | c. | dendrites and cell bodies of sensory neurons. | d. | microglia,
astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. |
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57.
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Which portion of the spinal cord is called the ascending tract?
a. | Ventral pathway | b. | Motor tract | c. | Sensory
tract | d. | Lateral horn |
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58.
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Which of these terms are synonymous with the motor tract of the spinal
cord?
a. | Dorsal and lateral | b. | Ascending and dorsal | c. | Lateral and
ascending | d. | Ventral and descending |
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59.
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The autonomic motor neurons emanate from which region of the spinal cord?
a. | Lateral horn of the gray matter | b. | Ventral horn of the gray
matter | c. | Ascending tract | d. | Dorsal horn and
tract |
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60.
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The spinal cord functions as a relay circuit between the brain and peripheral
nerves and as:
a. | the “brain” for the autonomic nervous system. | b. | the center for the
majority of the body’s reflex arcs. | c. | a routing and integrative center for all
sensory input. | d. | another type of specialized neuronal pathway for somatic
effectors. |
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61.
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What is the dorsal root ganglion?
a. | The structure that protects the synapse between neurons for all reflex arcs in the
spinal cord | b. | The enlarged portion of spinal nerves that contains motor neuron cell
bodies | c. | A structure on the sensory root of spinal nerves that contains cell bodies of sensory
neurons | d. | Another name for the posterior horn of the gray matter in the spinal
cord |
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62.
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What region of the brain contains the thalamus and hypothalamus?
a. | Cerebral cortex | b. | Medulla oblongata | c. | Midbrain of the
brain stem | d. | Diencephalon |
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63.
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What are the functions of the cerebellum of the brain?
a. | Maintain muscle tone, posture, and balance and coordinate voluntary muscle
activity | b. | Carry out all cognitive processes, maintain consciousness, and serve as
problem-solving region | c. | Sense and correct postural imbalances, maintain
muscle tone, and coordinate muscle recruitment | d. | Serve as the body’s primary visual center
and integration center for all general sensory input |
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64.
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Which region of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle
activity and maintaining muscle tone and posture?
a. | Cerebrum | b. | Cerebellum | c. | Pons | d. | Medulla
oblongata |
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65.
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What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
a. | Sorts and prioritizes virtually all sensory information before sending it to the
cerebrum | b. | Controls and regulates all autonomic nervous system actions | c. | Serves as the center
for respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor reflexes | d. | Serves as the sensory input station for all
cranial nerves except the optic and olfactory |
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66.
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What is the name for the region of the brain that connects the two hemispheres
of the cerebrum?
a. | Midbrain | b. | Subdural junction | c. | Choroid
plexus | d. | Corpus callosum |
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67.
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What structure is nicknamed the “sensory clearinghouse” because it
sorts and prioritizes virtually all sensory information?
a. | Thalamus | b. | Hypothalamus | c. | Diencephalon | d. | Pineal gland |
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68.
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What CNS structure serves as the control center for the autonomic nervous
system?
a. | Medulla oblongata | b. | Hypothalamus | c. | Thalamus | d. | Cerebellum |
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69.
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The most important anatomic and physiologic connections between the nervous
system and endocrine system occur in what structure?
a. | Midbrain | b. | Pons | c. | Hypothalamus | d. | Medulla
oblongata |
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70.
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What region of the brain stem contains the nuclei that help coordinate muscle
contractions and control movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli?
a. | Hypothalamus | b. | Medulla oblongata | c. | Pons | d. | Midbrain |
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71.
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What is the function of the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain
stem?
a. | Transfers sensory information to the brain to maintain an alert state in the cerebral
cortex | b. | Serves as the cross-over bridge between the right and left hemispheres of the
cerebrum | c. | Prioritizes incoming sensory information and activates the proper region of the
cerebrum | d. | Coordinates and prioritizes communications between all four lobes of the cerebral
cortex |
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72.
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What is the anatomic term for the collection of connected structures in the
brain that controls unconscious behavior and processes memories and emotions?
a. | Reticular activating system | b. | Cerebral cortex | c. | Medulla
oblongata | d. | Limbic system |
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73.
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What portions of the limbic system add emotional content to sensory input and
are especially active with pain perception?
a. | Cingulate gyri | b. | Hippocampus | c. | Amygdala | d. | Mamillary
bodies |
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74.
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Which sensory pathway links directly to the mamillary bodies of the limbic
system to stimulate strong emotional and memory responses?
a. | Gustatory | b. | Olfactory | c. | Visual | d. | Touch |
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75.
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Which lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the primary motor and speech control
centers?
a. | Parietal | b. | Temporal | c. | Frontal | d. | Occipital |
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76.
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How many motor neurons are in an autonomic pathway?
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77.
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Where does a somatic motor neuron originate?
a. | The ventral horn of the spinal cord | b. | The lateral horn of the spinal
cord | c. | Collateral ganglia | d. | Posterior root
ganglia |
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78.
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The gastrocnemius and rectus femoris are examples of:
a. | Sympathetic effectors | b. | Somatic effectors | c. | Autonomic
effectors | d. | Parasympathetic effectors |
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79.
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In addition to the different number of neurons, what other structure(s) is (are)
present in an autonomic pathway that a somatic pathway lacks?
a. | Gray matter | b. | Four nerve roots | c. | Ganglia between
neurons | d. | Basal ganglia |
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80.
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Which division of the autonomic system is known as the
“feed-and-breed” system?
a. | Sympathetic | b. | Pre-cortical | c. | Limbic | d. | Parasympathetic |
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81.
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What nerves have sympathetic pathways?
a. | Cranial and sacral | b. | Thoracic and lumbar | c. | Cervical and
thoracic | d. | Lumbar and sacral |
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82.
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When a person is subjected to long-term stress, the autonomic response is
what?
a. | Increased sympathetic tone | b. | Increased parasympathetic
tone | c. | Decreased responsiveness of the autonomic system | d. | Decreased
sympathetic tone |
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83.
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The physiologic changes that accompany a sympathetic response include increases
in heart and respiratory rates, plus:
a. | decreased sweat production. | b. | constriction of blood vessels in the
viscera. | c. | stimulation of glycogen storage. | d. | increased peristalsis and
elimination. |
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84.
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Glands, abdominal organs, and smooth muscle tissue are all examples of
__________ .
a. | somatic effectors | b. | visceral receptors | c. | visceral
effectors | d. | endocrine organs |
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85.
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Which autonomic effectors have only sympathetic innervation?
a. | Heart, lungs, and stomach | b. | Blood vessels, intestines, and
pancreas | c. | All smooth muscle, fascia, and adrenals | d. | Adrenals, smooth
muscle in blood vessels, and sweat glands |
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True/False
Indicate whether the statement is
true or false.
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86.
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Saltatory conduction is faster than regular nerve impulse conduction.
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87.
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Noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter used by the postganglionic neuron in the
sympathetic motor pathway.
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88.
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The minimal amount of stimulus needed to generate a nerve impulse is called an
action potential.
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89.
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A neuron is polarized in its resting state.
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90.
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A nerve impulse is a one-way transmission that travels the full length of the
neuron.
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91.
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The dorsal root of a spinal nerve connects to the descending tract of the spinal
cord.
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92.
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Cell bodies and dendrites of the preganglionic neuron of a sympathetic pathway
originate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
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93.
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The stomach, heart, and lungs are examples of somatic effectors.
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94.
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The ventral nerve root contains the axons of motor neurons only.
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95.
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The medulla oblongata is the “vital functions” reflex center of the
brain stem.
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96.
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Inflammation of a nerve or nerves is called neuralgia.
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97.
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Paresthesia is an abnormal prickling or pins-and-needles sensation in the
tissue.
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98.
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Radiating pain that shoots down or out an extremity is called referred
pain.
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99.
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Idiopathic pain has an unknown cause or etiology.
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100.
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When pain decreases because of a belief that the treatment is effective, it is
called the placebo effect.
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101.
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Taking an aspirin to relieve pain is an example of using anesthesia.
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102.
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A pain with gradual onset and longer duration is a chronic pain.
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103.
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Psychogenic pain is believed to come from the mind because it has no known
physical cause.
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104.
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Pain that occurs in a predictable but separate region from its origin is called
referred pain.
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105.
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An anesthetic is any substance that causes a decreased sensation of pain.
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