https://ehss.energy.gov/OHRE/roadmap/experiments/0491doca.html#0491_List https://ehss.energy.gov/ohre/roadmap/experiments/index.html#0491_About https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11690924_Radiation_experiments_on_children_at_the_Fernald_and_Wrentham_schools_Lessons_for_protocols_in_Human_Subject_Research ... Between 1956 and 1972, New York University researchers injected hepatitis serum into children diagnosed with mental retardation in the Willowbrook State School [30]. Researchers at the M.I.T. exposed 57 human subjects to radioactive calcium between 1950 and 1953; earlier in 1946, they had exposed 19 students to radioactive iron [31]. In the New York's Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital study of 1963, elderly patients were injected with foreign, live cancer cells [32]. ... https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/instance/2127868/pdf/9418095.pdf By the end of the war, America's rapidly emerging scientific dominance was not to be hamstrung by a code of medical conduct that was perceived by the American Medical Association to be directed specifically towards “the brutalities of Nazi physicians.”7 Moreover, even though American jurists enumerated 10 human rights principles to safeguard the lives of research subjects—and imposed the death penalty on seven members of the Nazi medical hierarchy for violating such principles—self interest, utilitarianism, and the aura of science militated against the adoption of the Nuremberg Code in the United States. Research subjects, particularly prisoners, were considered too valuable... pg 1440 In the 1950s, American prisons hosted an increasing variety of non-therapeutic medical experiments, some of which captured national headlines because of the perceived dangers of the tests. The Ohio state prison system, for example, allowed researchers from the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research to inject over 100 inmates with live cancer cells. The study was designed to examine “the natural killing off process of the human body”; inmates were informed they faced “no grave danger. Any cancer that took would spread slowly ... and could be removed surgically.”33 One physician intimate with the study four decades ago recently said that prisoners were a “stable group of people” that contributed to the “assurance of continuity.” Researchers, he argued, clearly found it “more difficult to work with unrestrained, unrestricted” test subjects (C Southam, personal communication).+ By the 1960s, new drug testing regulations mandated by the Food and Drug Administration permitted increased human experimentation as large pharmaceutical companies sought stronger relationships with penal institutions. Phase I drug testing now required larger pools of healthy subjects for non-therapeutic experiments, and using hospital patients was thought to be inadequate. Prisoners, on the other hand, were in abundance and, as one pharmaceutical company researcher commented, “guaranteed to show up” (G Wachs,personal communication). The rush to acquire prison testing sites, combined with a relaxed ethical atmosphere and little govern mental oversight, provided a financial opportunity for some opportunistic physicians, while at the same time jeopardising the health of the unsophisticated test subjects. ... By 1975, only 12 state prison systems were hosting medical experiments, and their numbers were declining rapidly.47 Less than a year later, the federal government announced the end of medical research on federal prisoners.48 After a quarter century of unrestrained use of prison inmates as cheap and available raw material for medical experimentation, the once widely accepted practice had come to an end. This links to all Vera Sharav articles below: https://ahrp.org/1952-1964-chester-m-southam-md-injected-live-cancer-cells-into-14-patients-with-advanced-cancer-and-into-healthy-convicts-at-ohio-state-prison/ 1952–1964: Chester M. Southam, MD, injected live cancer cells into 14 patients and healthy convicts By Vera Sharav December 28, 2014 Chester M. Southam, MD, a noted immunologist at Sloan-Kettering Institute sought to study the human immunity response to cancer. He obtained funding from the government and injected live cancer cells into 14 patients with advanced cancer and into healthy convicts at Ohio State Prison. The study in prisoners was designed to examine “the natural killing off process of the human body”; inmates were misinformed, when told they faced “no grave danger. Any cancer that took would spread slowly . . . and could be removed surgically.” Two of the patients died before their projected prognosis; four patients developed tumors that were surgically removed; in some patients the tumors grew back, and one patient metastasized. Half of the test subjects in this NIH-sponsored study were black. [Hornblum, BMJ, 1997] In 1962, Dr. Southam and his team conducted a similar experiment in demented elderly patients at the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital. (Read below) 1958–1962: “Project Chariot” By Vera Sharav December 28, 2014 1958–1962: An Atomic Energy Commission field study — “Project Chariot” — spread radioactive materials over Inupiat land in Point Hope, Alaska. Today, cancer is the leading cause of death in Point Hope. Alaska Dispatch, 2012. Wikipedia: Although the detonation never occurred, the site was radioactively contaminated by an experiment to estimate the effect on water sources of radioactive ejecta, which, landing on tundra plants, might or might not be washed down and carried away by rains. 1945–1947: Vanderbilt “Nutrition Study” Exposed 820 pregnant women to radioactive iron By Vera Sharav December 29, 2014 An exceptionally large-scale radiation exposure experiment at Vanderbilt University was funded by the U.S. Public Health Service and involved 820 poor pregnant Caucasian women who were given tracer doses of radioactive iron in a “cocktail” drink. The researchers worked with the Tennessee State Department of Health and they did not inform the women what was in the drink, nor were they informed that they were part of an experiment. The radiation portion of the experiment was designed study the absorption of iron during pregnancy under the direction of Dr. Paul Hahn. Vanderbilt researchers who re-examined the data in 1963–1964, claimed no significant difference in malignancy rates between exposed and non-exposed mothers. However, a higher number of malignancies among the exposed offspring (four cases in the exposed group: acute lymphatic leukemia, synovial sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, and primary liver carcinoma, which was discounted as a rare, familial form of cancer). No cases were found in a control group of similar size…This led the researchers to conclude that the data suggested a causal relationship between the prenatal exposure to Fe-59 and the cancer. The investigators also concluded that Dr. Hahn’s estimate of fetal exposure was an underestimation of the fetal-absorbed dose. (ACHRE Report Chapter 7) The Advisory Committee found that at least 27 experiments exposed pregnant or nursing mothers and their babies in nontherapeutic research between 1944–1974. 1945–1947: Eighteen patients were injected with plutonium in AEC experiments By Vera Sharav December 29, 2014 During WWII, hundreds of scientists and technicians working to develop the atomic bomb at Los Alamos were exposed to radioactive substances, including plutonium, whose hazards were not entirely known. Pioneers of nuclear science, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer, Louis Hempelmann, and Stafford Warren, masterminded the experiments from the headquarters they carved out of the New Mexico desert, in Los Alamos. Doctors working with the Manhattan Project initially injected plutonium into 18 men, women, and children. They acted without obtaining the consent of these people, informed or otherwise, and without therapeutic intent. Their mission was to study dispassionately the “fiendishly toxic” effects of plutonium on selected groups so that physician-scientists would know how best to protect American researchers, soldiers, and citizens exposed to atomic weapons. (Washington, NEJM, 1999) The first human subject administered plutonium injections at Oak Ridge Nuclear Facility was 53-year old a “colored man” Ebb Cade, a cement mixer at a construction company who had been hospitalized for broken bone injuries following an automobile accident. He told the doctors that he has always been in good health; so they secretly injected him with 4.7 micrograms of plutonium. At the time of the injection, scientists were perfectly aware of the serious negative effects associated with radiation — since they had conducted numerous radiation experiments on animals and recorded the severe adverse effects. The scientists knew exactly what they were doing; they were intent on documenting the effects of plutonium isotopes on living beings. Over the next five days, scientists took excretions from Cade to see how much plutonium his body retained and refused to set his broken bones until April 15th, after they cut samples from the bone before doing so to examine the plutonium content in his bone tissue. Fifteen of his teeth were pulled for testing; they never informed Cade what or why they were doing. A nurse said that the tortured Cade escaped in the middle of the night; he died later in 1953 of heart failure. Ebb Cade was the first, but hardly the last American human being to be subjected to an inhumane radiation experiment without his knowledge or consent. (Anthony Gucciardi. . . . Secretly Injected Citizens With Plutonium, Uranium, 2012) Eleven of the 18 plutonium subjects were patients at the University of Rochester, 6 or more were injected with uranium, and 5 were given polonium. Documents uncovered by ACHRE show that at least 9 patients at other universities and hospitals were also similarly injected with radioactive substances. Physician-scientists, who participated in these grossly unethical experiments, denied responsibility for the decision; they have managed to distance themselves with the entire nefarious program. However, Dr. Wright Langham who wrote the experimental protocol and oversaw the plutonium experiments defended them, claiming the subjects were terminally ill patients who would have died anyway. Patricia Durbin, a scientist at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in California who participated in plutonium experiments — defended the experiments claiming: They were always [conducted] on . . . somebody who had some kind of terminal disease who was going to undergo an amputation. These things were not done to plague people or make them sick and miserable. They were not done to kill people. They were done to gain potentially valuable information. The fact that they were injected and provided this valuable data should almost be a sort of memorial rather than something to be ashamed of. It doesn’t bother me to talk about the plutonium injectees because of the value of the information they provided. (Ensign and Aalcalay. Covert Action Quarterly, 1996; Project Paperclip and the Nuremberg Trials Whitewash) Those claims are false: in April of 1946, Simeon Shaw, a four-year-old boy suffering from bone cancer was brought by his parents from Australia for treatment in the United States. They were told that the injection, and a subsequent removal of some bone tissue, was part of his cancer treatment. When he got sicker, his parents brought him back to Australia, where he died. It wasn’t until thirty years later that they found out what their son was actually injected with. (Inglis-Arkell. US government Secretly Injected People) U.S. Radiation Experiments 1942: Manhattan Project Nuclear Scientists Conduct Total Body Irradiation Experiments By Vera Sharav December 29, 2014 1944–1956: Radioactive nutrition experiments on retarded children by Harvard and MIT By Vera Sharav December 29, 2014 1995: Roadmap of Human Radiation Experiments By Vera Sharav December 29, 2014 1995: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) published a Roadmap of Human Radiation Experiments summarizing 150 plus an additional 275 radiation experiments conducted by DOE and its predecessor, the AEC, during the 1940s–1970s. The Roadmap cites a 1986 congressional report entitled American Nuclear Guinea Pigs: Three Decades of Radiation Experiments on U.S. Citizens. Basic guidance for identifying experiments is contained in Executive Order 12891, issued January 15, 1994, and in a January 19, 1994, White House memorandum. These authorities define human radiation experiments as Experiments on individuals involving intentional exposure to ionizing radiation, and Experiments involving intentional environmental releases of radiation that (A) were designed to test human health effects of ionizing radiation; or (B) were designed to test the extent of human exposure to ionizing radiation. 1960–1972: Whole-body radiation experiments By Vera Sharav December 29, 2014 1953: Dr. Lester Middlesworth injected 7 newborn babies with radioactive iodine By Vera Sharav December 29, 2014 Dr. Lester Middlesworth of the University of Tennessee injected 7 newborn babies with radioactive iodine in an experiment sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission at a hospital treating low income people. Six of the babies were African American. Dr. Middlesworth lost track of the infants — no follow-up records were kept. Exposure to low-level radiation increases the risk of cancer. Similar experiments were conducted in Detroit; Omaha; Little Rock; and Iowa City. The published reports in medical journals such as Pediatrics, the American Journal of Diseases of Children and the Journal of Nuclear Medicine, document that scores of premature and normal, term infants — some only minutes or hours old — were injected or ingested radioactive iodine. (Chicago Tribune, 1993) 1953–1957: Uranium, boron neutron experimental injections at MGH By Vera Sharav December 29, 2014 1953–1957: Oak Ridge-sponsored experiment injected uranium into eleven patients at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston. (ACHRE staff report) 1932–1972: Tuskegee Syphilis experiment By Vera Sharav December 28, 2014 1932–1972: Tuskegee Syphilis experiment, “the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in the history of medicine,” continued unabated 25 years after Nuremberg. Tuskegee Syphilis experiment, “the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in the history of medicine” sponsored by the U.S. Public Health Service continued unabated until 1972 — 25 years after Nuremberg. More than 400 black sharecroppers were observed without treatment so that the government researchers could document the natural course of untreated syphilis in Negro men. 1941–1958: Infectious disease experiments: institutionalized children “canaries in the mines” By Vera Sharav December 28, 2014 1941–1945: U.S. Committee on Medical Research (CMR) was dedicated to wartime medicine; it funded and coordinated 137 institutions in the US that conducted research — including chemical warfare agents and prevention of infectious diseases tested on prisoners and children. CMR-funded infectious disease experiments: institutionalized children were used as “canaries in the mines” to test the safety of experimental vaccines for malaria, influenza, dysentery, and sexually transmitted diseases. 1947: Prisoners Were Fed Hepatic Liver and Hepatic Feces In Hepatitis Experiment By Vera Sharav December 28, 2014 1950: Two-hundred female prisoners infected with viral hepatitis By Vera Sharav December 28, 2014 1952–1964: Chester M. Southam, MD, injected live cancer cells into 14 patients and healthy convicts By Vera Sharav December 28, 2014 Chester M. Southam, MD, a noted immunologist at Sloan-Kettering Institute sought to study the human immunity response to cancer. He obtained funding from the government and injected live cancer cells into 14 patients with advanced cancer and into healthy convicts at Ohio State Prison. The study in prisoners was designed to examine “the natural killing off process of the human body”; inmates were misinformed, when told they faced “no grave danger. Any cancer that took would spread slowly . . . and could be removed surgically.” Two of the patients died before their projected prognosis; four patients developed tumors that were surgically removed; in some patients the tumors grew back, and one patient metastasized. Half of the test subjects in this NIH-sponsored study were black. [Hornblum, BMJ, 1997] In 1962, Dr. Southam and his team conducted a similar experiment in demented elderly patients at the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital. (Read below) 1951–1974: Dr. Albert Kligman’s “supermarket” variety of experiments at Holmesburg Prison By Vera Sharav December 28, 2014 From the 1950s through the 70s Holmesburg Prison became the “supermarket” or “kmart” for human medical experiments conducted by Dr. Albert Kligman, a University of Pennsylvania dermatologist. Under his direction hundreds of painful experiments were conducted involving nearly 1,000 inmates. He recalled his first visit to the prison: “All I saw before me, were acres of skin . . . It was like a farmer seeing a fertile field for the first time.” (Hornblum. Acres of Skin, 1998) Kligman proceeded to exploit those “acres of skin” testing a garden variety of benogn and toxic chemicals including, psychopharmacological experiments such as, LSD, BZ; radioactive experiments, infectious diseases agents, and skin product experiments on behalf of 33 pharmaceutical companies and secret service government agencies. In 1964, Medical News reported that 9 out of 10 Holmesburg prisoners were subjects of his medical experiments. Even benign tests involving toothpaste, detergents, hair dye, and deodorant involved painful biopsies. One Army-funded experiment, focused on “the effects of poisonous vapors on the skin.” The study included machines “that create radioactive isotopes” and drop “small amounts” of highly toxic substances “on a limited area of [the inmate’s] skin.” Kligman proclaimed, “This is a program for national defense . . . once such vapors get through the skin they can destroy the nerve system and the central function of the brain.” Similar experiments were conducted at Edgewood Arsenal on U.S. soldiers. * Soldiers Guinea Pigs 1964: SV40 Virus implanted into patients with cancer By Vera Sharav December 28, 2014 A report by Dr. Fred Jensen, in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute describes an experiment performed in patients terminally ill with cancer. The researchers took tissue from the patients, exposed the tissue to SV40, then they implanted the infected tissue back into the patients. Result: these implants grew into tumors in their human hosts, suggesting the possibility that SV40 could cause cancers in man. The experiment is cited in a 2003 Institute of Medicine report — without ever questioning the ethics of such an experiment: “The committee concludes that the biological evidence is strong that SV40 is a transforming virus.” Read more: SV40 Foundation https://jewishlink.news/disease-of-the-cell-the-jewish-chronic-disease-hospital-scandal/ ...We have described several instances in which cancer cells have been passed from one individual to another inadvertently and a new tumor developed. ... In the early 1950s, Southam initiated a series of studies that involved the injection of live tumor cells into patients with cancer at Memorial. The sites of injection were generally well demarcated and observed and were in patients thought to be terminal. In most instances, tumor nodules would arise at the sites of injection, which would be excised and studied to see if they corresponded to the same tumor that was injected. Patients were not told of the purpose of the injection or of what was injected into them—they were told it was an immunological test of some sort. Southam then wanted to test whether this would occur in healthy individuals as well. So he went to the Ohio State Penitentiary and asked for volunteers. I believe that something like 100 volunteers or more were injected but again were not informed of the exact nature of the experiments. In this case, most of the injections did not result in tumors and Southam surmised that he was witnessing some form of an immune response. In 1963 he arranged to inject elderly patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in Brooklyn, a large facility serving the needs of primarily geriatric patients with chronic diseases (cancer, arthritis, neurologic disorders), now part of Kingsbrook Medical Center and Brookdale. The plan was again to inject these patients without their knowledge or consent. Four resident doctors were instructed by the hospital’s director to administer the injections. One resident doctor complied, but three Jewish doctors (Avir Kagan, David Leichter, Perry Fersko) refused to participate, citing the experiments of the Nazis and the then already extant Nuremberg Code, an early guide to rules for the proper conduct of human experimentation, although it was not yet widely known and had not yet achieved the rule of law. Nonetheless, 22 patients ended up getting injected... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra ...Project MKUltra was preceded by Project Artichoke.[8][9] It was organized through the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence and coordinated with the United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories.[10] The program engaged in illegal activities,[11][12][13] including the use of U.S. and Canadian citizens as unwitting test subjects.[11]: 74 [14][15][16] MKUltra's scope was broad, with activities carried out under the guise of research at more than 80 institutions aside from the military, including colleges and universities, hospitals, prisons, and pharmaceutical companies.[17] The CIA operated using front organizations, although some top officials at these institutions were aware of the CIA's involvement.[11] Project MKUltra was revealed to the public in 1975 by the Church Committee (named after Senator Frank Church) of the United States Congress and Gerald Ford's United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States (the Rockefeller Commission). Investigative efforts were hampered by CIA director Richard Helms's order that all MKUltra files be destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the small number of documents that survived Helms's order.[18] In 1977, a Freedom of Information Act request uncovered a cache of 20,000 documents relating to MKUltra, which led to Senate hearings.[11][19] Some surviving information about MKUltra was declassified in 2001... ...CIA documents suggest that they investigated "chemical, biological, and radiological" methods of mind control as part of MKUltra.[49] They spent an estimated $10 million or more, roughly $87.5 million adjusted for inflation.[50] During a hearing by the Senate Health Subcommittee, a testimony by the deputy director of the CIA stated that over 30 institutions and universities were involved in the experimentation program of testing drugs on unknowing citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the issuing of LSD to unaware subjects in social situations.[1]... UM FRAUD University of Miami - 2nd largest CIA hub https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/um-agrees-to-pay-millions-to-settle-medicare-fraud-allegations-raised-by-whistle-blower/ar-BB1aGKlb https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/schism-among-um-doctors-exposed-in-proposed-settlement-over-medicare-fraud-claims/ar-BB1byCcR ​"stakes were potentially in the hundreds of millions of dollars" 12.2.20 (ABOVE TWO LINKS GONE) https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/university-miami-pay-22-million-settle-claims-involving-medically-unnecessary-laboratory https://www.whistleblowergov.org/healthcare-and-pharma.php?article=the-university-of-miami-forced-to-pay-millions-in-medicare-fraud-case-following-whistleblower-report_187 12.26.06 DEATHS OF 100+ HOLISTIC DOCTORS - MANY IN FLORIDA https://www.healthnutnews.com/recap/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz_G3k9bTL0 12.4.17 (video off) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Jt1tgCUWO8 9.15.18 (video off) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuTXlCGjqMc&feature=emb_logo The Overt and Covert Intimidation of Brandy Vaughan APOTEX FOUNDER MURDERS - LAND FOR THEIR FIRST US GENERIC PLANT IN MIRAMAR (NORTH OF MIAMI) SOLD https://therealdeal.com/miami/2019/02/27/apotex-pharmaceuticals-sells-planned-us-hq-in-miramar-at-a-loss-following-founders-mysterious-death/ https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-apotex-billionaire-murder/ https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/16/generic-drugs-biosimilars-pharma/ "The temptation to avoid generic competition can be overpowering. Delaying generic competition for as little as six months can be worth half a billion dollars in sales for a blockbuster drug." https://nypost.com/2019/12/28/private-investigation-into-murder-of-canadian-billionaire-barry-sherman-called-off/ https://capforcanada.com/the-mysterious-death-of-apotex-founder-barry-sherman-manufacturer-of-covid-19-remedy/ HCQ Apotex The second link* has bio-labs in the US mapped out -- multiple in Florida https://www.lewrockwell.com/2020/03/no_author/chinas-coronavirus-a-shocking-update-did-the-virus-originate-in-the-us/ *https://www.lewrockwell.com/2020/05/joseph-mercola/bioweapon-labs-must-be-shut-down-and-scientists-prosecuted/ HISTORY OF SECRET EXPERIMENTATION ON UNITED STATES CITIZENS http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread59987/pg1#pid626088 (See this in list form page 132 my book "Absent Due Process" - Link at Home or Outreach/Books tab at my nonprofit nonpartisan site ourconstitution.info) Zimbardo Milgram Studies